[Enclosed with letter of 1 May 1947]
I shall not attempt to apologise for such a long silence: IHale, Emilyrelationship with TSE;w9following VHE's death;f8 hope at least that you will not attribute it to negligence, for my mind goes over and over the same things all the time, and the more I ponder them, and read over my letters and your replies, the more crushed I feel by the difficulty, probably impossibility, of making myself clear; and with the many tasks, both of clearing up for my departure, and of the preparations for the journey, combine to increase the sense of paralysis. First of all, about my actual movements.
Itravels, trips and plansTSE's 1947 summer in America;g1itinerary;a7 leave by Pan-American Airways on the 22nd, arriving in New York early on the morning of the 23d. IEliot, Henry Ware, Jr. (TSE's brother);l4 still think that if (and I have no reason to expect it) there is no sudden urgency in connection with Henry’s health, IMorleys, thein New Canaan;k6 shall do best to spend a couple of nights at New Canaan with the Morleys, and come on to Boston from Stamford. I shall be very busy up to the end, and the journey itself will be tiring, instead of the restful sea voyage which I should have preferred; andAmericaCambridge, Massachusetts;d4exhausting;a5 I want a breathing space before plunging into the environment of Cambridge which will be anything but restful. (I look forward to my operation and convalescence in the summer as my holiday this year). I shall have immediately to devote myself to Henry, to pay my respects to my sisters, ward off other relatives and friends for a few days. It seems to me that I ought not to take a weekend in Concord directly after arrival; what I suggest is that I should come out for the day on Sunday: presumably there are morning and evening trains to North Cambridge. I had better give you my timetable so far:
SatMilton, JohnFrick lecture on;a7. May 3:—————MiltonFrick Gallery, Thelecture on Milton at;a1 lecture at the Frick Gallery, New York, for which I get $400.
Sun. May 4.—————–Return Cambridge.
Mon. May 5.—————ReadingWellesley College1947 poetry reading at;a7 at Wellesley.2
Wed. May 7.—————ReadingHarvard Universitypoetry reading at;c4 at Sanders Theatre.3
Mon & Tues.
May'Johnson as Critic and Poet'revamped for Princeton;a7 19Princeton UniversityJohnson lectures revamped for;b8 & 20: ————–Johnson lectures at Princeton.4
WedConcord Academy, MassachusettsTSE's Commencement Address to;a4. 4 June'On Poetry: An Address by T. S. Eliot on the Occasion of the Twenty-fifth Anniversary of Concord Academy, Concord, Massachusetts, June 3, 1947';a2: ————–Concord Academy (the most difficult!)5
ThisPound, Ezravisited by TSE in Washington;d4 is not all. IPound, Dorothy Shakespearvisited by TSE in Washington;a9 must, in duty bound, go down to Washington to see Ezra Pound, and also to see his wife (this will be a great strain!) IFinley, David E., Jr.;a1 finance this visit by giving a reading at the National Art Gallery (for which I only get $150) and I have suggested to David Finley, the Director,6 that I should come on from New York directly after Princeton. I should have to spend two, or perhaps three nights in Washington, so that I should be back in Cambridge by the end of the week (24 May). IYale Universitypoetry reading at;b3 have also promised to give a reading at Yale, for $200 and hope to stop off there on my way to or from New York and Princeton. The total gross receipts of these engagements will be some $1400 which I hope will cover all my expenses and any purchases (for I need articles of clothing and have only 16 coupons left).
I had intended to return on the 11th June, but I have now postponed this till the 19th: the reasons for this must be regarded as highly confidential! not from my point of view, butHarvard Universityconfers honorary degree on TSE;c5 fromPrinceton Universityconfers honorary degree on TSE;b9 that of Harvard and Princeton, which want to give me honorary degrees, and the names of recipients are not given out long in advance, so I must ask you to keep it to yourself. The Harvard Commencement is on June 5, the day after the Concord ceremonies, so I naturally accepted that, as I should be there anyway, andSpencer, Theodoreand TSE's honorary Harvard degree;c7 IRichards, Ivor Armstrong ('I. A.')and TSE's honorary Harvard degree;c2 imagined that this was due to the efforts of Richards and Spencer. Then I got the Princeton invitation afterwards, for the 17th. It might have seemed ungracious to accept Harvard and tell Princeton I couldn’t be there; furthermorePrinceton University;e1 I am under some obligation to Princeton, and they have given me an invitation which might come in most useful another year: viz. to come and live there for two months, with $4000 to cover travel and living expenses, and only give one or two formal lectures, but to mix with the faculty and the appropriate undergraduates. So there will be more time than I had previously arranged for. But I shall have at some time to spend several nights in New York, to renew relations with a few publishers and authors.
NowElsmith, Dorothy Olcottinvites TSE again to Woods Hole;b4 IAmericaWoods Hole, Falmouth, Massachusetts;i2TSE invited to;a6 have had a charming letter from Dorothy Elsmith, inviting me to come to Wood’s Holl [sic] for a few nights at any time during my stay, when you could be there.7 This, I think, would be the quietest and most private way in which we could meet and have long talks: in fact I cannot see any other way. I remember the Barrows House and I suspect that in any American summer hotel one becomes immediately a public character. And as it does not look as if Henry would be able to stir from Cambridge, on account of the trouble which has been keeping him so much in bed, there will be no periods this year at Dublin or elsewhere. TheDu Bois, the;a1 only difficulty about Wood’s Holl is that if the Du Bois’s8 were there I ought to pay my respects to them, as they have been so kind to Henry.
The Richards’s address is 41 Kirkland Street, I believe that is pretty close to Henry’s. I wish that your last letter (I mean the letter of March 29, not the short note written after that for Easter) gave me the feeling that I had succeeded in communicating my state of mind. Of course I cannot be sure that I have communicated nothing [sic]: but I know from experience that several times I have thought that I have put some matter with perfect clarity, only to find later that we were just where we were before I wrote or spoke. I should like to be quite clear about one thing: that my letters of last summer, and my state when I wrote them, are very clear and present to my recollection, and that that period has been in the front of my consciousness all these three months.
YouHale, Emilyrelationship with TSE;w9and men and women generally;g2 have said that a man occupies a larger place in a woman’s life and love, than a woman does in a man’s, and that his other activities are of more importance to him. I do not think that the difference, by and large, is quite like this: because I think that where there is a family, a woman does (and should) put her children first, and that her husband is secondary to her children, quite as much as she is secondary to his work – sometimes more so. I don’t think that this is merely a difference between ‘men’ and ‘women’ with which I am now concerned. It is perhaps a difference between most women and a few men. A woman usually wants a husband: some men want a kind of divinity, a sort of human surrogate for the B.V.M.9 I <have> had this.
IfHale, Emilyrelationship with TSE;w9TSE's reasons against marrying;c5 I could have married, younger, I certainly should have done so whole-heartedly, exchanged the one relationship for the other, and adapted myself to it. <But no one but you!> It was certainly a great surprise to me (but it is always a surprise to find that we learn so little about ourselves from experience, and much of what we learn from experience, being only knowledge about ourselves as we were, and not as we are, is not only irrelevant but deludes us into thinking we know ourselves where we don’t) to discover that I recoiled violently from the prospect of marriage, when I came to realise it as possible; and that, wrestle with it as I might, and this problem for three months made it an increasing effort to attend to anything else, so that I feel as if I was going through my duties and my social intercourse like a somnambulist, this stubborn feeling would not be expelled, that I cannot, cannot, start life again, and adapt myself (which means not merely one moment, but a perpetual adaptation for the rest of life) to any other person. I do not think that I could survive it, as a person; I cannot bear the company of any one person for very long without extreme irritation and suppression. (EvenHayward, Johnirritates except in small doses;m8 John Hayward, whom I often don’t even see to speak to for days on end – it is about ten days since I have passed any words with him, andRothschild, Victor;a6 he is away at Victor Rothschild’s for Easter – irritates me if I see much of him: and no one could be easier to live with than he). This is what we have to face. I am afraid, my dear, that the cataclysm is a much greater upheaval than your kind and patient and sympathetic words show any realisation of. Physical intimacy without entire spiritual intimacy would be a nightmare (I know a little of that, as you may imagine: but it isn’t now just a question of exorcising demons of the past). And in writing every word I have the terror of thinking that what I say will impress you simply as perverse, or insane, or dishonest, or as cobwebs to be swept away; and I feel in a state of utter destitution.10
1.Since this letter carries neither greeting nor signature, it is presumably the ‘copy of the lost letter’ to which TSE refers in his letter of 1 May above.
2.JeanetteMcPherrin, Jeanetterecalls TSE's final day with Henry;f8n McPherrinWellesley College1947 poetry reading at;a7 to Valerie Eliot, n.d.: ‘I didn’t see Mr Eliot again until he came to Wellesley to read his poetry in April 1947, the spring of my first year on the faculty at Wellesley College …
‘We had a chance for a good talk because the chairman of the English Department let me go to Cambridge to pick him up at the Richards’ house. I was to have driven him back to Cambridge after the dinner and reception, but his brother died shortly after the reception had begun and Mr Sheffield drove him back to Cambridge’ (EVE).
See too Judy Wolpert, ‘T. S. Eliot’s lecture illustrates development of striking trends’, Wellesley College News, 8 May 1947.
TSE to McPherrin, 29 Feb. 1948: ‘Your motoring me out, remains the only pleasant memory of that particularly ill-omened visit to Wellesley.’
HenryEliot, Henry Ware, Jr. (TSE's brother)death;l5 Ware Eliot Jr died of leukaemia on 5 May 1947; he was buried in Bellefontaine Cemetery, St Louis, Missouri. Mary Trevelyan, ‘The Pope of Russell Square’: ‘Later he told me how he had paid his last tribute by kneeling by his brother’s body, saying some prayers and then kissing him good-bye.’
TSE to Henry Russell Scott (a cousin in Boston), 6 May 1947: ‘I am writing very briefly, for Theresa, to tell you that Henry died quietly at the Deaconess Hospital last night at eight o’clock. The doctor decided in the morning to have him taken there, and he had been in the hospital under five hours. After arriving at the hospital he was not long quite conscious.
‘It was unfortunate that I had to give a reading at Wellesley in the afternoon, and the hospital people did not call me back in time: I arrived just on nine o’clock. On the other hand, I am thankful that I reached this country in time to spend several days with him.’
3.TSEHarvard Universitypoetry reading at;c4 attracted an overflow audience of about 1,700 to his reading in Sanders Theatre at Harvard. The Harvard Crimson reported, 6 May 1947: ‘Speaking under the auspices of the Morris Gray Poetry Fund, Eliot introduced as “the first poet of our time,” read representative selections from all of his periods. InWaste Land, Theread at Harvard;b6n addition'Hollow Men, The'recited at Harvard;a2n to suchCoriolanTriumphal March;a1 standbys as “The Waste Land” and “The Hollow Men,” he read his five “Landscapes” and gave a particularly dramatic interpretation of “Triumphal March.”
‘During the War, Eliot explained after the reading, pressure of other duties (“There are, after all, things one must do”) prevented completion of anything more than the “Quartets,” and now for the first time he expects to have enough time and peace to get back to work. England’s cold, he said, has been somewhat troublesome, although “as far as the food is concerned, I can get along.”
‘The 1947 Harvard scene, the 1910 graduate found, gives an immediate and striking impression of tenseness and worry. “Nobody ever seems to stop working. It was certainly not like that in my day,” he said, suggesting that students now are representatives of a new “Worried Generation”. “I don’t mean to suggest,” he smiled, “that there isn’t plenty to worry about.”’
4.TSE spoke on ‘Samuel Johnson as Critic and Poet’. To Ruth Stephan, 15 May 1947: ‘This essay is really a set of two lectures which I am delivering at Princeton. I am by no means satisfied however that it has reached its final form and I think it is unlikely that I shall have it ready for publication for a long time to come. I have therefore not promised it to any periodical.’
5.TSEpoetryand emotion;c4n to Dorothy Richards, 18 Mar. 1947: ‘I have agreed, to oblige a friend, to give the prize-day address at a school in Concord on the 4th June, a task I dislike exceedingly.’
TSE’s address ‘On Poetry’ – given in the school gymnasium on the twenty-fifth anniversary of Concord Academy, on 3 June 1947 – was distributed gratis to alumnae and friends of the Academy; repr. in Concord Academy (Winter 1997), 13–17: CProse 7, 11–18.
His remarks included: ‘if there is one thing the poet is not, he is not a successful man. In the first place, poetry is not a career … The first thing about poetry is, that nobody can make a living out of it … Poetry, fortunately, is not a whole time job … [T]he poet must find some other way of earning an income … [T]he poet must never be ambitious to be a poet, or take satisfaction in his success as a poet … I am sure that for a poet humility is the most essential virtue … I wrote The Waste Land simply to relieve my feelings; I wrote Murder in the Cathedral because I was asked to provide a play for a festival at Canterbury Cathedral, under certain conditions and by a certain date …
‘And in between the writing of poems one is not a poet … Now, we are apt to think that prose can be exact, but that poetry is always something vague and cloudy. But unless we can be clear about feelings, we cannot be sure of being clear about thought …
‘Now if we learn to read poetry properly, the poet never persuades us to believe anything. There are great philosophical poems … but nobody should ever be convinced to believe anything directly by a poem … Science should teach us to know when a theorem is proved, when a fact is demonstrated, when a chain of reasoning holds together. Poetry should teach us to understand the way of expressing emotions and feelings in words.’
See further Richard Chase, ‘T. S. Eliot in Concord’, The American Scholar 16: 4 (Autumn 1947), 438–43.
6.DavidFinley, David E., Jr. E. Finley, Jr. (1890–1977): first Director of the National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, 1938–56.
7.Letter not traced.
8.Cousins on TSE’s mother’s side.
9.In Christian doctrine, St Mary, the vessel of Christ’s birth, is hailed as the ‘Blessed Virgin Mary’.
10.E. W. F. TomlinHale, Emilyrelationship with TSE;w9according to Theresa Eliot;g3n, T. S. Eliot: A Friendship (1988), 218–19: ‘OfEliot, Theresa Garrett (TSE's sister-in-law)on EH and TSE;e1n Emily Hale [Theresa Eliot] told me a good deal. It would seem that at some point Eliot did give her to understand that, if Vivien were to die (but in no other circumstances), he would marry her. Consequently, she began to go about as if she were the fiancée presumptive, and she would dutifully kiss the members of the Eliot family – at a time when the bestowal of kisses was by no means so free as it is now – almost as if she were already an in-law. Theresa, otherwise the kindest of souls, found this conduct rather irritating. InEliot, Henry Ware, Jr. (TSE's brother)on EH's presumption;l7n fact, so insistent was Emily that she was to all intents and purposes the next Mrs T. S. Eliot, that Henry felt obliged to write to his brother not merely to report her behaviour but to enquire whether there was any basis for it. This letter has not survived. So incensed was Henry by it that he tore it up, making the comment, “Tom has made one mistake, and if he marries Emily he will make another.” …
‘There must have come a moment, however, when the relationship […] began to turn sour. Theresa described occasions in which the two “got across” each other in conversation, so that when Emily left, Eliot would frown theatrically and clench his fists in mock irritation, conveying by exaggeration the very real exasperation he felt. This made me recall his remarks about women wanting a thing and therefore considering it right …
‘Theresa remembered an occasion of disappointment with TSE at the time when she had arranged to take Henry’s ashes to the cemetery – I do not remember whether for depositing or scattering – and she had assumed that Eliot would accompany her. Perhaps some misunderstanding had occurred. Not long after, Eliot preparing to go out, announced: “I’ve got to get something over with”. He then departed with no further explanation. When he returned late in the day, he told her of his mission. He had nerved himself to tell Emily that all thought of marriage between them must be forgotten. Theresa enquired how she had reacted, and he answered that on the whole she had taken it very well. No doubt she had for some time noticed a change in his manner […] Eliot avowed to Theresa that he would be prepared to “kill himself” (those were his words) if Emily insisted on marriage. But Theresa felt a trifle disappointed that he had not accompanied her on her own mission. “But then,” as she exclaimed with a shrug, “he’s not like other men”. How true. One day he had said to her, as if out of the blue: “I want someone to love me for myself, not because I am T. S. Eliot”.’
(TSE to Donald Gallup, 14 May 1947: ‘[Theresa] left two days after the funeral to take Henry’s ashes to her family vault in Louisville, and is staying on there with friends. I go to New York tomorrow night, and if she is not back by then I shall not see her until I come back here from New Haven.’)
3.HenryEliot, Henry Ware, Jr. (TSE's brother) Ware Eliot (1879–1947), TSE’s older brother: see Biographical Register.
4.TSEElsmiths, theseminal Woods Hole stay with;a1Elsmith, Dorothy Olcott
6.DavidFinley, David E., Jr. E. Finley, Jr. (1890–1977): first Director of the National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, 1938–56.
11.JohnHayward, John Davy Hayward (1905–65), editor and critic: see Biographical Register.
2.JeanetteMcPherrin, Jeanette McPherrin (1911–92), postgraduate student at Scripps College; friend of EH: see Biographical Register.
4.DorothyPound, Dorothy Shakespear Shakespear Pound (1886–1973), artist and book illustrator, married Ezra Pound (whom she met in 1908) in 1914: see Biographical Register.
3.Ezra PoundPound, Ezra (1885–1972), American poet and critic: see Biographical Register.
4.I. A. RichardsRichards, Ivor Armstrong ('I. A.') (1893–1979), theorist of literature, education and communication studies: see Biographical Register.
1.TheRothschild, Victor Hutchinsons’ daughter Barbara was engaged to be married, on 28 Dec. 1933, to Victor Rothschild (1910–90), who would become a Fellow of Trinity College Cambridge, 1935–9. In 1937 he was to succeed his uncle as 3rd Baron Rothschild.
2.TheodoreSpencer, Theodore Spencer (1902–48), writer, poet and critic, taught at Harvard, 1927–49: see Biographical Register.